நமச்சிவாய வாழ்க நாதன் தாள் வாழ்க
இமைப்பொழுதும் என் நெஞ்சின் நீங்காதான் தாள் வாழ்க
கோகழி ஆண்ட குருமணிதன் தாள் வாழ்க
ஆகமம் ஆகி நின்று அண்ணிப்பான் தாள் வாழ்க
இமைப்பொழுதும் என் நெஞ்சின் நீங்காதான் தாள் வாழ்க
கோகழி ஆண்ட குருமணிதன் தாள் வாழ்க
ஆகமம் ஆகி நின்று அண்ணிப்பான் தாள் வாழ்க
Long live Namasivaya, Long live the holy feet of our Lord,
Long live the feet of him who does not move away from my mind even for a second.
Long live the feet of my Guru who ruled over Kogazhi,
Long live the feet of him who became holy books and comes near us,
Long live the feet of the God who was one but appeared as many.
Long live the feet of him who does not move away from my mind even for a second.
Long live the feet of my Guru who ruled over Kogazhi,
Long live the feet of him who became holy books and comes near us,
Long live the feet of the God who was one but appeared as many.
Tiruvasagam
Dakshinamurthy - Jnana guru (all types of knowledge) |
Nataraja Source of all movement within the cosmos and Doomsday dancer |
A place named Kogali is found as the Capital of the territorial division also named Kogali 500, in Bellari District of Mysore.[1] There existed a Saiva matha, headed by learned scholars belonging to the branch known as Simha-parishad of the Kalamukha sect. A military clan led by a commander Tikkanna set up Lingas named Nulambesvara and Lenkesvara and gifted lands for worship of the two gods. The grant was approved by the Kalyani Chalukya king Somesvara in the year 1045 AD. An inscription recording this grant is engraved in Uddibasavanna temple at Morigeri a village near Kogali. The record mentions that the gift was made while washing the feet of Somesvara Pandita of the Simha-parishad. Another inscription[2] from the same temple of Udda-basavanna records that some more lands were gifted in the same year to the god Nulambesvara by the same donor while washing the feet of the same teacher Somesvara pandita. Both the records identify the teacher Somesvara as the desciple of Jnanesvara pandita, and desciple's desciple of Maleyala Pandita deva. This Maleyala Pandita deva was in charge of the temple of Ramesvara at Kogali and was very influential in the region. Several inscriptions in the region refer to him with great veneration and many succeeding priests of this school are mentioned as recipients of veneration and honours from the kings[3]. Obviously Kogali played an important role at the beginning of the 9th cent and it was the centre of the Kalamukha asectics upto the 12th cent.AD.
Almost at the
beginning of the 9th cent, the Kalamukhas are also seen at Nandi
hills near Mysore.[4]
A Siva temple
named Samasta-Bhuvanasraya-devalaya built around 800 AD by Vijayaditya II, the
Eastern Chalukya ruler, at Vijayawada (ancient Vijayavati), is also of interest
to students of Saivism. The temple was headed by one Kalamukha priest
Pasupati-deva also called Lakasipu. He is one of the earliest Kalamukha priest known.[5]
150 years later another ruler of the Eastern Chalukya dynasty, Amma-raja II
gifted four villages to the god of the same temple,
Samasta-bhuvanasraya-devalaya. The grant was made in 950AD. The inscriptions
says that the temple was established (about 825AD)by Vijayaditya Narendra
mrgaraja (799-847). Ammaraja made the gift for the increase of his country,
lineage, life, health, and supremacy, in order to provide for temple repairs, bali, naivedya music and for a free feeding house. The teacher Pasupati
is said to belong to Simha-parishad of the Kalamukha school of Saivism in the
record. The successors of this parishad were very active and influential in the
region receiving royal patronage.
The Vijyavata
inscritpion records the greatness of the Kalamukha teachers both in the mastery
of Vedas and agamas and severe observance
of asceticism. According to the
inscription numerous munisvaras beginning with Lakulisvara appeared in various ages of the world, and they
resembled Rudra. They became self incarnate on earth as teachers of the path of
dharma. In that succession came the Kalamukhas who were proficient in the Veda
(sruti mukhyas) and worthy of homage
by the kings. The record adds, those
munisvaras are the beneficent lords of this sthana
of simha-parishad. In the lineage of
the those Kalamukhas, who were
residents of many ancient temples, such as that of Amaravatisvara, there arose a munipa named Lakasipu, who was
the lord of Sri and who understood completely the agamas. He fed his holy body
only on water, vegetables, milk, fruits, and roots.
Against this
background may be viewed the reference to Kogali by the famous Tamil Saiva
saint Manikka-vacaka.[6]
Manikkavacaka refers to Lord Siva as the
Guru ruling Kogali.
Kogali
anda gurumani tan tal valga.
There are
several references in Mankkavacaka's verses to Kogali
The king of
Kogali = Kogalikku arase[7]
The ruler of
Kogali = Kogali meviya kove[8]
The Lord of
Kogali = Kogali yen Koman[9]
Tamil scholars,
commenting on Manikkavacaka's Thiru-vacakam
verses, have given different interpretation to the term Kogali. Venkatasami
nattar identifies Kogali with
Thiruvavduturai a village in Tamilnad, that now houses one of the
leading Saiva mathas in Tamilnad. He states this village was also known as
Kogali and Gomukti. The Siva temple here is called Gomuktisvaram. He also
refutes the views of earlier scholars who identified Kogali with another
village Thirupperunturai. He cites the Poem Kuyir
pattu which lists Kogali in one verse, Uttarakosamangai in another and
Thirupperunturai in another and holds these are three different places.[10]
S,Dandapani desikar, another renowned scholar also holds Kogali identical with
Thruvavaduturai. He also refutes the
view that Kogali is identical with Thirupperunturai.[11]
The evidences adduced for identifying the village with Thiruvaduturai are not
convincing. According to traditional accounts of Manikka vacaka the saint
received initiation in the hands of Lord Siva himself at the village Thirupperunturai under the Kurunta tree.[12]
The Saint calls Siva as Guru-mani, the Lord of
Kogali. It may be mentioned that the Teacher who initiates a disciple is
identified with Lord Siva himself in the Saiva system. Obviously the human
teacher who initiated Manikkavachaka is identified with Lord Siva himself.
Prior to his initiation Manikkavacaka served as a minister to the Pandya ruler
Varaguna who is identified with Varguna II who ruled towards the end of 9th
cent.[13]
This leads us to some interesting chronological events.
The Pandya
ruler, Varaguna ruled from Madurai his capital. The famous temple at Kodumbalur
built by the Bhuti, also known as Vikramakesari was inspired by a Kalamukha
teacher named Mallikarjuna.[14]
The inscription recording the building of the temple states that Bhuti after
having built the temple in his name and in the names of two wives, presented a big matha - brahad matha, to Mallikarjuna, who was the disciple of two teachers
Vdya-rasi and Tapo-rasi. Mallikarjuna was the chief ascetic of the Kalamukha
sect to whom eleven villages were presented for feeding fifty ascetics of the
Kalamukha sect called in the inscription as Asita-vaktras. This teacher
Mallikarjuna belonged to Madurai where obviously there existed an influential
Kalamukha matha. The Kodumbalur record belongs to the end of the 9th
cent. almost the same period as that of Saint Manikka-vacaka. There is also a
Kannada inscription of the same period[15]
at Kodumbalur pointing to the connection between Kodumbalur and the Kannada
country. The editors of the Tandikonda inscription of Ammaraja giving details of the lineage of the
Kalamukha ascetics identify the two teachers Vidya-rasi and Tapo-rasi the
teachers of Mallikarjuna of Kodumbalur as contemporaries of King Amma II of
Andhra[16].
Mention has already been made to the earliest reference to the Kalamukhas
coming from Mysore datable 810 AD. As the famous Kogali has been mentioned in a
number of records of Andhra -Bellary regions as an influential centre of the
Kalamukhas it has been surmised by scholars that the Kalamukhas spread to the
Chola and Pandya country in the 9th cent and established mathas
there. Madurai was one such important centre[17].
Manikkavacaka served at Madurai during this period as a minsiter to the Pandya. It is not unlikely that he was
influenced by this school and the teacher who initiated him at Thirupperundurai
was a Kalamukha saint. It explains the repeated occurrence of the place name
Kogali in Manikkavacaka's poems. The way in which the saint mentions Kogali
with reverence, further strengthens the view that he belonged to the Kalamukha
school of Vedic Saivas of Andhra-Mysore region. There could be no doubt
that Kogali mentioned in Manikka vacaka's poems is identical with
Kogali the important place of Kalamukhas in Bellary District.
[1]David
N.Lorenzen, The Kapalikas and Kalamukhas, Thomson Press , New Delhi; 1972.
P.143
[2] Ibid p.144
[3] Ibid pp.144-46
[4] Bhavaraja
and Krishna Rao. V, Tandikonda grant of Amma Raja II , Epigraphia Indica
Vol.XXIII, Pp 164-165
[5] Ibid
[6] Several
editions of Saint Manikkavacaka's Thiru vacakam are availablein print.
Thiruvacakam. Saiva Siddhanta samajam, Chennai, 1938,Sivapuranam.Line 3
[7] Hymn. Pandaya
nanmarai, verse 5
[8] Hymn Porri
thiru akaval, line 157
[9] Hymn Pandaya
nanmarai, verse 1
[10] Venkatasami
nattar commnetary on Thiruvacakam
[11] Dandapani
Desikar.s, Thiruvacakam with commentary, Pub.by Thieuvavduturai
[12] Ibid
[13] Nagaswamy.R.
Thirupperunturai a Yoga pitha sthala, in Art and Culture of Tamil nad, Sandeep
Prakashan, Delhi, 1980, p66
[14] Nilakanta
Sastri.K.A., The colas, reprint , The University of Madras, Madras, 1984, P.648:
Nagaswamy.R., Thiruttani and Velanjeri Copper plates, Pub by Tamilnad State Department.
Of Archaeology, Madras, 1979.pp.14-15
[15] Epigraphia
Indica, Vol.V,P.221
[16] Epigraphia
Indica, VolXX III, p.165
[17] Nilakanta
Sastri, Ibid. p.648 Prof. Sastri also discusses other centres of Kalamukhas in
Tamilnad in this page.
Source: Tamil Arts Academy (Blog)
Source: Tamil Arts Academy (Blog)